The Theatre Is A Body Politic

The Reverend Jim Shiflett

The Reverend Jim Shiflett shared the Hull-House philosophy of trying to unite communities through the arts. To that end he founded the Community Arts Foundation in 1966, funded in part by the community Renewal Society, a city based program sponsored by the United Church of Christ. Shiflett convinced the C.A.F. board of directors to buy a building that had housed a bowling alley and slicing machine company at 2257 North Lincoln Avenue, a building that had been slated for demolition.

Reverend Jim (right) and scene partner

Shiflett served as executive director of the new theatre, he hired Bill Russo and Paul Sills as its program directors. He called his new theatre the Body Politic, quoting the British theatre director Harley Granville-Barker who said: "The theatre is a body politic and the art of it a single art, though the contributions must be by many." The name stuck though no resident company would bear that name until the late 1970s. Between 1966 and 1980 a myriad of transient theatre companies would call the Body Politic home.

Paul Sills 

Actors Working on a Scene

Meanwhile, over at The Kingston Mines (the theatre not the blues club), another alumni of Hull-House theatre, Jim Jacobs and his partner Warren Casey had finished their script and score for a musical they called "Grease". It debuted in 1971 as five hour show. Jacobs and Casey expected their show to appeal to just a handful of people. However, producers Ken Waissman and Maxine Fox, seeing the commercial potential of "Grease" convinced Jacobs and Casey to shorten it and smooth out the rough edges and turn it into a Broadway style show.

"The greatest achievement of "Grease" is its perfect deadpan objectivity about everything in it: a d.a. haircut, a new guitar, a missed period, a falsetto backup group, a preposterously accurate hand-jive. It is a loving, funny museum of where we were, perhaps even, when we scream and stomp our feet at it, a gentle attempt to exorcise the parts of ourselves we left back there. A tribute to the many small, stupid things that happened to us during 'the decade when nothing happened'." -Micheal Feingold

A landmark production for Chicago's Off-Loop theatre community it was the first show to make it really big. "Grease" encouraged others to try their luck. Moreover  the success of "Grease" convinced local producers of the commercial of this new theatre market and helped to assure its continuation.

The Many Stages of James McVicker

The McVicker's Theatre in 1878 designed by Louis Sullivan

Carrying on many of the traditions established by his friend and mentor, John Rice, James Hubert McVicker became synonymous with Chicago theatre for nearly half a century.

McVicker began his career as member of Rice's acting ensemble. A character actor, he became well known for portraying country bumpkin or Yankee roles. Though his favorite part to play was that of the grave digger in "Hamlet". He soon found that he also had a talent as a producer and parted company with Rice to strike out on his own.

The first theatre to bear McVicker's name opened on November 5th, 1857 on Madison and Dearborn. His productions continued to satisfy an appetite for plays, musical, opera and variety that John Rice had only whetted.

The McVicker's interior 1903

McVicker's productions gave audiences a unique theatrical experience. They came to expect productions like, "Rip Van Winkle", "Our Governor", "The Mighty Dollar", "The Marble Heart", and "Hamlet". In an effort to prevent audiences from leaving during lengthy scene changes or double billed plays, McVicker treated patrons to variety entertainments. Short farces, popular songs, magical acts, dance performances, and even poetry readings were a few of the offerings employed to encourage audiences to remain seated during these intervals.

These diverse entertainments were witnessed by a former producer of Minstrel shows, Tony Paster who developed and expanded this format to create the kind of theatre that became known as Vaudeville.

McVicker's Vaudeville 1912

The Great Chicago Fire claimed McVicker's theatre as one of it's victims. Enlisting the aid of Louis Sullivan, McVicker replaced it with an even grander structure. In time this too would be destroed by fire and rebuilt. In total there five theatres' bearing the McVicker name. And while the building underwent many changes the location at Madison and Dearborn remained a constant. For his audiences it seemed as though as long as there was a McVicker's there would be top quality entertainment in Chicago.

John Wilkes Booth who starred as Hamlet at  the McVicker's,  however his most famous role would be that of Abraham Lincoln's assassin.

The Whole World With Three Chairs And A Hat

"The fact that we can create the whole world with three chairs and a hat is incredible. The truly fascinating thing is to get an idea in the morning and see it on the stage in the evening filtered through the actors and audience. Now that's going to be much more rewarding than Mork & Mindy." Bernard Sahlins, co-founder of The Second City

The Second City was formed in 1959, and served as a radical improvisational theater group that would forever change comedy in America.

Betty Thomas

John Belushi

Second City set up shop at 1842 North Wells and made its debut on December 6th, 1959 to an overflowing house. The company helped breathe new life into a Chicago theater scene, which at the time was largely made up of the latest touring Broadway hit or a tired old re-stageings of the classics.

George Wendt

Second City worked because it took the freeform style of the Compass Players and transformed it into a neatly packaged commercial product that was not as threatening to an audience and just entertained them.

The Compass Players and The Second City maybe most famous for helping to make careers for Severn Darden, Roger Bowen, Paul Sand, Avery Schreiber, Alan Alda, Del Close, Mike Nichols, and Elaine May. Second City alumni have gone on to write and perform for televison, theatre, and film. It has proven to be an entryway into the larger world of show business.

The Legendary Mr. Kelly's

Comedy clubs around the country like Chicago's own Mr. Kelly's owe a debt of gratitude to The Second City. 

Shelley Long

George Wendt

Act Well Your Part There All The Honor Lies

" The Hull-House Players gave plays of distinction with skill, sincerity and understanding. Mrs. Pelham, not I was the true founder of the American Little Theatre Movement."-Maurice Browne Chicago Little Theatre

In the 1890's, Hull-House founder Jane Addams saw that theatre could help her settlement cause, particularly the new plays from Europe. Of the theatre Miss Addams said: ". . .The theatre such as it was appeared to be one agency which freed the boys and girls from that destructive isolation. . .and it gave them a glimpse of that order an beauty into which even the poorest drama endeavors to restore the bewildering facts of life." She viewed theatre as a essential tool in helping new immigrants assimilate to their new country. She hired Laura Dainty Pelham a former actress who came to Chicago by way of Wisconsin, to help launch the project.

Addams concept in created the Hull-House Players was to use residents of Hull-House, in the company. Pelham would transform amateurs into a dynamic acting ensemble.

The following article written about the Hull-House Players by Elsie Weil appeared in the September 1913 issue of "Theatre Magazine": " The Hull-House Players are not amateurs. They act with a finish and artistic precision, which, as one Chicago critic said, inflicts on them the penalty as well as the privilege of being considered professionals. They are not college students entering into dramatics as a sort of lark; they are not people of comparative leisure resorting to amateur acting to fill up part of their playtime. Rather they are hard-working young folks, who have plemty of troubles and worries, some of them with families to look after, and yet who come to their acting as something that will freshen up the wilyed aspect of life for them after the daily grind. Everyone must have some interest outside of the "bread alone" struggle to keep wholesome and happy. With some it is athletics, books, traveling or cards, With these young people it is their acting, and they are satisfied to have it take up most of their spare time. They have two rehearsals a week, and just before a new production, all day rehearsals on Sunday. Their connection with the company not only provides all their amusement, but a stimulating intellectual life for them as well. They have high ideals of life and society and prefer to present those plays that deal with the serious moral and social problems of the day, such as those of Shaw, Galsworthy and Pinero."

The players were careful to blend Jane Addams social agenda with the art of the production. Under the leadership of artistic director Laura Pelham, they produced plays under the heading "Social Realism". These plays either discussed or realistically portrayed contemporary socail problems on the stage.

The innovative and often outstanding productions paved the way in Chicago for a new era in theatre. An era in which producing serious, innovative dramas that addressed the human condition would be came exceptable. Also that such productions would be popular with audiences and critics alike. So much so that the players toured their productions all over the world to great acclaim.

Members Only

To some practitioners of the Chicago's theatre in the nineteen-fifties the scene had become stale and uninspired. Venerable commercial houses like the Schubert in the Loop were increasingly relied on retreads of well tested Broadway hits. Even the lone independent theatre The Goodman, had resorted to playing it safe by trotting out tired old classics. Also at this time the only place to see professional theatre in the city was in the Loop. Which was a shame because even movie houses had branched out into the neighborhoods. If they could do it why couldn't theatre do the same? Why couldn't there be professional theatre in the neighborhood?

Enter The Playwrights Theatre Club.

The Playwrights Theatre Club, or simply Playwrights as it was known to its members, was an off shoot of The Compass Players that had failed to gel. Needing some time to rethink the Compass its founder David Shepherd along with Paul Sill, embarked on mounting traditional productions in an effort to hone their craft.

In 1951 Shepherd and Sills along with Elaine May, Mike Nichols and Barbara Harris establish a venue at Dearborn and Schiller on the cities north side. Soon another University of Chicago Alum, Edward Asner would join them. There they produced such plays as Oedipus Rex, The Trojan Women and King Lear. In order to give its self credibility Playwrights join the union thereby becoming the first Equity group to perform outside of the Loop. However the cities strict fire codes and licenses regarding the theatre would need to be dealt with. To skirt those requirements  the idea of calling themselves a club came into being. There less stringent laws and license fees on the books pertaining to clubs and organizations. Another problem was charging admission. To make money in addition to program advertising and sponsorship Playwright would have charge an admission fee. In a moment of inspiration the group came up with the idea to declare its audiences members of their club. Everyone who attended a show bought a membership to each performance.

By 1954 Shepherd began revisiting the Compass and left Playwrights. Rolf Forsberg would take over the directors chair until the groups demised in 1957 and Playwrights would soldier on for another year. Shepherd's Compass would give rise to The Second City, Elaine May & Mike Nichols and Edward Asner would go to have careers in New York and later Hollywood, and Rolf Forsberg would be a founding member of the Court Theatre in Chicago's Hyde Park.

The work of the Playwrights Theatre Club would in a few short years give rise to  Chicagos off-Loop theatre movement. Soon there would be Second City, Hull-House Theatre, The Body Politic, St. Nicholas, The Organic and Steppenwolf and many others.